第二部分、直接引语与间接引语? 直接引语：直接引用别人的原话，一般要加引号。??间接引语：用自己的话应用别人的话，不用引号。?
间接引语的三要素：1）引导词?2）语序?3）时态（及人称的变化）?
间接引语:四种情况???
主句----------从句(语序):主+谓+宾+...?
1陈述句?(句号)?----that(可省略)?
2一般疑问句?(问号)?----?if/whether(?or?not)? 引导词???
3特殊疑问句(问号)---特殊疑问词(what/how开头)????????????紧记:特殊疑问词+?to?do?sth.? ?????????
4祈使句/请求----ask/tell?sb.(not)to?do?sth.?时态：主句:一般现在时??????从句:任何时态? 主句:一般过去时??????从句:过去的某种时态?主句:?真理(无论什么时态)???从句:一般现在时?? ?
Exercise??
(????)1)Do?you?know?____________.? A?what?he’s?looking?for??????B)what?is?he?looking?for??C)?what?does?he?look?for?????D)his?is?looking?for?
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(????)2)I’m?not?sure?__________.? A?what?is?his?name.????????B)what?his?name?is.??C)?his?name?is?what????????D)what’s?his?name?
(????)3)I?don’t?know?_________.? A?where?does?he?live???????B)where?did?he?live??C)?where?he?lives??????????D)he?lives?where?
(????)4)I?didn’t?know______________.? A?what?she?said???????B)what?did?she?say? C)?what?she?spoke?????D)what?was?she?speaking
?(????)5)I?don’t?know__________.? A?when?he?will?come?back????B)when?will?he?come?back?C)when?does?he?come?back??D)when?did?he?come?back??
按要求转换句子：
?陈述句?
1)She?says,”I?am?a?teacher.”
She says??????????????????????????????????????????????
?2)She?said,”I?am?a?teacher.”
She said???????????????????????????????????????????????
?一般疑问句?
1)“Are?you?from?Japan?”he?says?to?me.?He?(????)?me??????????????????????????????????
?2)“Are?you?from?Japan?”he?said?to?me.?He?(????)?me??????????????????????????????????
?特殊疑问句?
3)“When?does?the?train?arrive?”?Please?tell?me.?Please?tell?me?????????????????????????
?4)“When?does?the?train?arrive?”?Please?told?me.?Please?told?me????????????????????????
?祈使句/请求?
1)“Don’t?make?any?noise.”Mother?says?to?Tom.Mother?(????)?Tom??????????????????????
?2)“open?the?window.”?Mr?Li?said?to?me.?Mr?Li?(?????)?me???????????????????????????????
?3)“Would?you?like?to?show?me?your?book?”?Kate?says?to?me.? Kate?(?????)?me???????????????????????????
__________________???
第三部分、被动语态?
一、语态概述?? 英语中有两种语态：主动语态eth和被动语态。英语的语态是通过动词形式的变化表现出来的。? ??主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者。巧记为：主动、主动、主去动。????例如：many?people?speak?English.?? ??谓语：speak的动作是由主语many?people来执行的。??????????? ??被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者，即行为动作的对象。巧记为：被动、被动、主被动。例如：English?is?spoken?by?many?people.主语English是动词speak的承受者。?? ??例如：He?opened?the?door.他开了门。(主动句)???????????The?door?was?opened.门被开了。(被动句)?????
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二、被动语态的构成?? 被动语态由“be＋及物动词的过去分词”构成。不及物动词本身没有被动语态。??????及物动词---本身意义不完整，后必须带宾语，有些还可以带双宾。? 不及物动词---本身意义完整，不需要带宾语，如带宾语必须通过介词。? 人称、数和时态的变化是通过be的变化表现出来的。现以eat为例说明被动语态在各种时态中的构成。????? ??一般现在时：am／is／are＋eaten??????一般过去时：was／were＋eaten? ????一般将来时：will?be＋eaten???????am/is/are+going?to?be?eaten?????现在进行时：am／is／are?being＋eaten??????现在完成时：have／has?been＋eaten? 歌诀是：被动语态be字变，过去分词跟后面。???
三、被动语态的用法?? ??(1)不知道或没有必要说明动作的执行者是谁。????例如：some?new?computers?were?stolen?last?night.?? ????????一些新电脑在昨晚被盗了。(不知道电脑是谁偷的)?? This?book?was?published?in?1981.这本书出版于1981年。?（没有必要或说出出版者）? ???(2)强调动作的承受者，而不强调动作的执行者。?? ??例如：The?window?was?broken?by?mike.窗户是迈克打破的。??????????This?book?was?written?by?Lunxun.这本书是他写的。??????????Eight?hours?per?day?for?sleep?must?be?guaranteed.? 每天8小时睡眠必须得到保证。?? ??? ??歌诀：谁做的动作不知道，说出谁做的没有必要；????????????动作承受者需强调，被动语态运用到。?????
四、主动语态变被动语态的方法?? ????
(1)把主动语态的宾语变为被动语态的主语。??????
(2)把谓语变成被动结构(be＋过去分词)?? ????(根据被动语态句子里的主语的人称和数，以及原来主动语态句子中动词的 时态来决定be的形式)。?? ????
(3)把主动语态中的主语放在介词by之后作宾语，将主格改为宾格。例如：???????????All?the?people?laughed?at?him.??????----?He?was?laughed?at?by?all?people.???????They?make?the?bikes?in?the?factory.?? ????----The?bikes?are?made?by?them?in?the?factory.???????
歌诀是：宾变主，主变宾，by短语后面跟。???????谓语动词变被动，be后“过分”来使用。???
?五、含有情态动词的被动语态?? ??
含有情态动词的主动句变成被动句时，由“情态动词＋be＋过去分词”构成，
原来带to的情态动词变成被动语态后“to”仍要保留。????歌诀是：情态动词变动，情态加be加“过分”。例如：??????we?can?repair?this?watch?in?two?days.????--This?watch?can?be?repaired?in?two?days.??????We??must?finish?this?work?soon.????--This?work?must?be?done?soon.??
六、?主动语态变被动语态需要注意的几个问题.?
（1）时态保持一致。? ?????I?have?repaired?my?computer.? ???---My?computer?has?been?repaired.???
（2）谓语为动词短语的被动语态不能丢掉动词短语的介词或副词。???????His?best?friend?often?looks?after?him.??????????????--He?is?often?looked?after?by?his?best?friend.?
（3）?主动语态中若有双宾语,将其中一个宾语变为被动句的主语,另一个宾语不变。动词make/buy//get用for;动词give//send/lend/take用to)? ???????Vivian?gave?me?a?book.??(双宾语，人间物直，?me为间接宾语，a?book?为直接宾语)???? ??????--?I?was?given?a?book?by?Vivian.???? ??????--A?book?was?given?to?me?by?Vivian.（直接宾语提前时，要在间接宾语前加介词）?
（4）主动语态若有复合宾语，（即句子结构为主＋及物动词＋宾＋宾补），将主动句的宾语变为被动句的主语，宾补不变。???????They?call?him?Louis.???????--He?is?called?Louis?
（5）主动语态句中动词make,?have,?let(使sb做sth),?notice.?see.?watch,?look?at,??hear,?listen?to,?feel等变成被动语态时，后面的不定式需要加上to.???????Mr.?Lee?made?him?wash?the?dishes.??????????--He?was?made?to?wash?the?dishes.?（6）主动形式表被动.??????The?poem?reads?well.?
（7）有些动词不能用于被动语态?take?place/happen/come?true/break?out/belong?to等。? ??????All?your?dreams?will?come?true?if?you?try?your?best.?
?Exercise? 1)将下列主动句转换成被动句。?
1.?The?teacher?told?him?not?to?waste?time?on?playing?computer?games.??__________________________________________________________________?
2.?I?gave?my?cousin?a?toy?at?Christmas.??__________________________________________________________________
?3.?They?should?do?it?right?now.?
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?4.?They?named?the?boy?Johnson.??__________________________________________________________________
?5.?The?monster?let?the?little?girl?clean?the?cave.??_________________________________________________________________
?6.?People?in?the?town?laugh?at?Mike?for?his?fancy?dress.??__________________________________________________________________
?7.We?can’t?do?it?in?one?day.? __________________________________________________________________
?8.I?saw?a?dog?crossing?the?road.? __________________________________________________________________
?9.Young?people?must?take?good?care?of?old?people? ?___________________________________________________________________
?10.The?workers?are?building?a?new?railway?between?the?two?cities.?? ?___________________________________________________________________???
?2).选择正确答案?
1.?I?promise?that?matter?will?_______.? A.?be?taken?care??B.?be?taken?care?of???C.?take?care???D.?take?care?of??2.?No?permission?has?________?for?anybody?to?enter?the?building.?A.?been?given????B.?given???C.?to?give???D.?be?given?
3.?I?_______?ten?minutes?to?decide?whether?I?should?reject?the?offer.?A.?gave???B.?was?given??C.?was?giving??D.?had?given?
4.?Can?such?a?thing?_____?happening?again??A.?prevent?from??????????B.?prevented?from??C.?be?prevented?from?D.?to?prevent?from?
5.?A?new?house?________?at?the?corner?of?the?road.? A.?is?building??B.?is?being?built??C.?been?built??D.?be?building?
6.?This?bike?________?last?year.? A.?bought??B.?has?been?bought?C.?was?bought??D.?had?been?bought?
7.?Did?you?see?the?house?that?_______?by?fire?last?year?? A.?was?destroying??B.?destroyed??C.?would?destroy??D.?was?destroyed?
8.?It?_______?whether?she?will?get?her?work?in?the?hospital.?A.?hasn’t?been?decided?????B.?isn’t?deciding??C.?doesn’t?decide??????????D.?hasn’t?decide
?9.?The?pen?_______?me.?It?is?hers.? A.?isn’t?belong?to?????B.?wasn’t?belong?to????C.?doesn’t?belong?to???D.?didn’t?belong?to??
10.?I?can’t?use?my?bike?because?it?_______.? A.?is?repairing??B.?is?being?repaired?C.?will?repair??D.?was?repairing?
11．-?The?window?is?dirty.? ?—?I?know.?It?_____?for?weeks.?? A.?hasn’t?cleaned???B.?didn’t?clean???? C.?wasn’t?cleaned???D.?hasn’t?been?cleaned?
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12.—How?long?_______?at?this?job??—Since?1990.???A.?were?you?employed?????B.?have?you?been?employed??C.?had?you?been?employed?????D?.will?you?be?employed? 13.?Forests??______and?burned?at?such?a?speed?that?they?will?disappear?from?the?earth?in?the?near?future.?? A.?cut???B.?are?cut??C.?are?being?cut??D.?had?been?cut?
14.?Hundreds?of?jobs?_______?if?the?factory?closes.??A.?lose???B.?will?be?lost???C.?are?lost????D.?will?lose?
15.?A?new?cinema?_______?here.?They?hope?to?finish?it?next?month.?A.?will?be?built????????B.?is?built? C.?has?been?built??????D.?is?being?built?? ?
